AQUACULTURE Agriculture Resources Management Aquaculture * * Note: This unit has not been field tested. This unit deals with the cultivation and propagation of aquatic plants and animals. Topics include career opportunities, history of aquaculture, aquatic plant and animal species, economics of aquaculture, state and federal aquaculture regulations, site requirements for aquaculture, diseases of aquatic plants and animals, nutrition in aquaculture, aquatic management practices, and aquatic structures and equipment. Objectives To acquaint students with employment information and career opportunities in the aquaculture industry To acquaint students with the history and terminology associated with aquaculture To familiarize students with aquatic plant and animal species To acquaint students with economic principles related to the aquaculture industry To provide students with information on state and federal regulations concerning aquaculture To illustrate to students the physical and chemical characteristics of water and aquacultural sites To familiarize students with disease symptoms and control of aquatic plants and animals To give students opportunities to examine the nutritional requirements of aquatic plants and animals To inform students about the accepted practices in aquacultural management To enhance student comprehension of the common aquacultural structures and equipment Competencies At the conclusion of this unit, students will be able to explain current employment information such as job descriptions, job availability, personal and educational requirements, working conditions, opportunity for advancement, and other factors relative to potential employment in the aquaculture industry and relate it to their personal needs and aspirations; identify the major practices associated with aquaculture history; define terms common to the aquaculture industry; describe common aquatic plants and animals; recognize the supply-and-demand characteristics associated with the aquaculture industry; describe the income and expenses typical to an aquacultural enterprise; list major rules and regulations pertaining to the aquaculture industry; describe the physical and chemical characteristics of water and aquacultural sites; demonstrate an understanding of diseases and disease control of aquatic plants and animals; analyze the nutritional requirements and nutrient sources of aquatic plants and animals; recognize the management practices associated with the aquaculture industry; and describe typical aquacultural structures and equipment. Subject Matter (Basic skills integration areas are shown in brackets following title.) Careers - Current and future employment needs - Job descriptions - Training requirements - Working conditions - Opportunities for advancement - Other factors Aquaculture introduction and history [Social Studies] - Definitions - Historical patterns and practices Pre-1900 1900 to 1950 1950 to present - Fishing practices Commercial Subsistence Sports Aquatic plants and animals [Science] - Wisconsin aquatic plant species Common names Physical characteristics 1.color 2.size 3.shapes Plant uses and management - Wisconsin aquatic animal species Common names Physical characteristics 1.color 2.size 3.anatomy - Consumer demand Economics of aquaculture [Social Studies] - International production Aquatic animals Aquatic plants - International consumption Aquatic animals Aquatic plants - Marketing Fresh product markets Processed product markets Price of fish and aquatic plants compared to red meat and white meat - Aquaculture business expenses Input costs for fish production 1.fry or fingerling 2.feed mixtures 3.water chemicals 4.structures 5.equipment water testing harvesting collection aeration heater 6.supplies 7.transportation 8.processing and storage 9.electricity or fuel power 10.antibiotics and sanitation 11.labor hired family Fixed costs for fish production 1.capital 2.land 3.taxes 4.opportunity costs 5.business operations insurance recordkeeping income taxes interest payments depreciation licenses Income from fish 1.sales receipts from fresh fish 2.sales receipts from fish by-products 3.miscellaneous income Labor income 1. beginning inventory and expenses 2.closing inventory and expenses 3.calculation of labor income State and federal legislation [Social Studies] - Wisconsin statutes and rules Private fish hatcheries statute Release and importation of fish and wildlife code Introducing fish and game code State hatchery licensing statutes - Federal statues and rules Private fish hatcheries regulations Release and importation regulations Interstate commerce regulations Site requirements for aquaculture [Science] - Water survey Planning Base line map Traverse line map Bottom and edge contours Map symbols Bottom and edge classification Aquatic plant classification Aquatic animal classification Water supply Water purity - Chemical analysis Temperature Density pH Chemical contaminants Chemical pollutants - Physical analysis Color and turbidity Transparency Plankton Bottom and edges Aquatic plants Aquatic animals Pollutants and contaminants Plant and fish autopsy - Water storage characteristics Water level and volume Water retention and supply Shelter Food supply Erosion Silt Turbidity Pollution Contamination Fertility Population density Competition Diseases Parasites Temperatures Width and depth Bottom and edge characteristics Predation Survival rates Diseases of aquatic plants and animals [Science] - Bacterial infections Disease types Symptoms and characteristics Prevention Control - Viral infections Disease types Symptoms and characteristics Prevention Control - Parasites infections Disease types Symptoms and characteristics Prevention Control Nutritional requirements in aquaculture [Science] - Aquatic plants Macronutrient requirements Micronutrient requirements Nutrient deficiency symptoms pH requirements Temperature ranges Tolerance of pollutants and contaminants - Aquatic animals Protein requirements Caloric requirements Vitamin requirements Mineral requirements Fiber requirements pH requirements Temperature ranges Pollutants and contaminants tolerances Aquatic management practices [Social Studies] - Aquatic plants Species sources Nutritional requirements Harvesting methods Marketing and processing - Aquatic animals Sources of species Habitat Feed requirements Pond culture 1.site and construction 2.water supply and temperature 3.pH levels 4.pollutants Stocking 1.reproduction and growth 2.confinement rearing 3.breeding and selection 4.polyculture Controls 1.water supply and levels 2.disease 3.parasites 4.predators 5.purging Yields 1.rate of gain 2.feed conversion Harvest methods and processing 1.netting and seining 2.handling 3.hand-processing 4.commercial processing 5.storage Marketing 1.inspection 2.pricing 3.quality indicators 4.fresh fish 5.processed fish Aquatic structures and equipment [Mathematics] - Water storage structures Natural sites 1.ponds 2.streams 3.watershed Constructed containers 1.metal and lined containers 2.concrete containers 3.glass containers - Aquatic equipment Oxygen 1.natural supply 2.aquatic plants 3.aeration equipment Feeding 1.hand-feeding 2.automatic feeders 3.mechanical feeders Disease control 1.hand-administered antibiotics 2.automated released antibiotics Harvesting 1.hand-collection 2.netting 3.mechanic collection Processing 1.hand tools 2.automatic processors wall models floor models Transportation 1.fish pump 2.fish power loader 3.water tanks 4.refrigeration 5.processed packages frozen canning fresh packs Motivational Activities Take a field trip to a fish hatchery or fish farm. Invite resource people to give class presentations. Post bulletin board displays featuring topics related to this unit. View films, videotapes, and slides on aquaculture-related topics. Make available to the students computer software related to aquaculture. Learning Activities Participate in a Supervised Agricultural Experience program. Collect water samples and test them for their physical and chemical characteristics. Examine the characteristics of fish tanks and ponds. Experiment with fish-feeding practices and report your findings. Complete computer exercises on aquaculture. Demonstrate how to clean and fillet fish. Instructional Materials Textbooks and References Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources by Carl J. Walters. New York: Macmillan, 1986. Aquaculture: The Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms by John E. Bardach, John H. Ryther and W.O. McLarney. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1972. Fish Farming Handbook by E. Evan Brown and John B. Gratzek. Westport, CT: AVI Publishing, 1980. Fish Hatchery Management by R.G. Piper et al. Bethesda, MD: American Fisheries Society, 1986. Fish Nutrition. Edited by John E. Halver. New York: Academic Press, 1972. Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Edited by James F. Muir and Ronald J. Roberts. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1982. Textbook of Fish Culture: Breeding and Cultivation of Fish by Marcel Huet. 2nd ed. Englewood, NJ: Universe Publishing, 1986. Textbook of Fish Health by George Post. Hong Kong: TFH Publications, 1987. Trout and Salmon Culture by Earl Leitritz and Robert C. Lewis. Fish Bulletin 164. Sacramento, CA: Department of Fish and Game, 1976. Bulletins and Pamphlets The following are available from the Cooperative Extension Service. Cost Per Serving Guide for Meat, Poultry and Fish. B2193. Fish - Low in Calories, High in Nutrition. B78872. Home Canning of Fish. B78866C. Home Freezing of Fish. B78870F. Home Pickling of Fish. B78864P. Home Smoking of Fish. B78865S. The Supply and Demand for Yellow Perch. R3006. Wisconsin Farm Fish Ponds. Manual 2. The following are available from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Guide to Wisconsin Aquatic Plants. PUBL-WR-173 88. 1988. Lake Sturgeon. PUBL-FM-704 88. 1988. Master Angler Program. (Instructor's edition.) 1988. Master Angler Program. (Student's edition.) 1988. Muskellunge. PUBL-FM-705 89. 1989. Northern Pike. PUBL-FM-707 89. 1989. Wisconsin Fishing. PUBL-FM 204 88REV. 1988. Periodicals Aquaculture Digest Aquaculture Magazine Water Farming Journal Computer Software The following is available from Hobar Publications. Fish and Wildlife in the Upper Midwest and Related Review. Apple, IBM, TRS, Macintosh. Laboratory Resources Water-testing equipment Water-testing chemicals Films, Videotapes, and Slides The following is available from the Bureau of Audio Visual Instruction. Fish - The Food with a Catch to It. 04562 (16mm film, color, 11 minutes). Centron, 1978. The following is available from the Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation. Fish Embryo - From Fertilization to Hatching. (16mm film, color, 12 minutes.) 1963. The following is available from the Pennsylvania Instructional Materials Service. A Trout Stream in Winter. (16mm film, color, 18 minutes.) 1979. Equipment and Facilities Aquariums (various shapes, sizes, types) Feeding systems Response (self-feeders) Continuous feeders Pond dike feeders Tank feeders Fillet knives Nets Scales Seines